A major division of Kurdistan occurred in the aftermath of the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514, and was formalized in the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab. [75], According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Kurdistan covers about 190,000 km² (or 73,000 square miles), and its chief towns are Diyarbakır (Amed), Bitlis (Bedlîs) and Van (Wan) in Turkey, Erbil (Hewlêr) and Slemani in Iraq, and Kermanshah (Kirmanşan), Sanandaj (Sine), Ilam and Mahabad (Mehabad) in Iran. [77] The mountainous zone along the borders with Iran and Turkey experiences dry summers, rainy and sometimes snowy winters, and damp springs, while to the south the climate progressively transitions toward semi-arid and desert zones. France–Kurdistan Region relations are bilateral relations between France and Kurdistan Region . N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 95–55 BC". mi.) [58][59] A guerrilla war took place through the 1980s and 1990s in which much of the countryside was evacuated, thousands of Kurdish-populated villages were destroyed by the government, and numerous summary executions were carried out by both sides. The word "Kurdistan" is first attested in 11th century Seljuk chronicles. [8] Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. Despite this, much of the region is fertile and has historically exported grain and livestock. "Land of the Kurds")[5] or Greater Kurdistan[6] is a roughly defined geo-cultural historical region wherein the Kurdish people form a majority of the population[7] and Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. On 25 July 2015, Kurds in France marched in Paris to protest Turkish Army airstrikes on Kurdish militia PKK that is designated as a terrorist organization by EU and the U.S. On 12 October 2019, thousands of Kurds in France marched to protest the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.[5]. [28] Other geographical references to the Kurds in Syriac sources appear in Zuqnin chronicle, writings of Michael the Syrian and Bar hebraeus. Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present), Turkey demands Google remove Greater Kurdistan map, "The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2005", page 84 “The years of silence and of renewal”, "Kurds seek autonomy in democratic Syria", "Sharafnama: History of the Kurdish Nation", Kurdistan and its native Provincial subdivisions, "The map presented by the Kurdish League Delegation, March 1945", "Turkey may be divided, a Kurdish state could become a reality by 2030: U.S. Intelligence report", "The Rise of ISIS, a Golden Opportunity for Iraq's Kurds", "Turkey Ready To Accept Kurdish State in Northern Iraq", "After Being Banned for Almost a Century, Turkey's Kurds Are Clamoring to Learn Their Own Language", "Some 30,000 Syrians flee to Iraq's Kurdistan region, more expected", "Syrian Kurds continue to flee to Iraq in their thousands", "Syrian Kurds Flee To Iraq by the Thousands", "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria", "Turkey sees Nusra Front as terrorist group, acts accordingly: source", "Middle East | Kurds show coded support for PKK". [39], According to Sharafkhan Bitlisi in his Sharafnama, the boundaries of the Kurdish land begin at the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf and stretch on an even line to the end of Malatya and Marash. [21] The region came under Persian rule during the reign of Cyrus the Great and Darius I. mi.) in Iraq, and 12,000 km² (5,000 sq. A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the text of Sharafnama, written by Prince Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in 1597. [6], In 1982, First Lady Danielle Mitterrand played an active role in the formation of the Kurdish Institute of Paris by making public awareness around it. [11][12] Some Kurdish nationalist organizations seek to create an independent nation state consisting of some or all of these areas with a Kurdish majority, while others campaign for greater autonomy within the existing national boundaries. Coordinates: 37°00′N 43°00′E / 37.000°N 43.000°E / 37.000; 43.000, Kurdistan ([ˌkʊɾdɪˈstɑːn] (listen); Kurdish: Kurdistan , کوردستان‎; lit. [4] France has a military presence in Kurdistan Region,[5] and Consul General Dominique Mas described their relations as being "historic" and "long-term". 21, 1988–1989, p. 281, by Société des études armeniennes, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Published by Imprimerie nationale, P. Geuthner, 1989. [2], In October 2014, Kurds in France and other European countries marched in protest over the ISIS offensive on the Syrian town of Ayn al-Arab, known in Kurdish as Kobani.[3][4]. [66], The successful 2014 Northern Iraq offensive by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, with the resultant weakening of the ability of the Iraqi state to project power, also presented a "golden opportunity" for the Kurds to increase their independence and possibly declare an independent Kurdish state. [citation needed], A 2010 US report, written before the instability in Syria and Iraq that exists as of 2014, attested that "Kurdistan may exist by 2030". [44][45], At the end of the First Gulf War, the Allies established a safe haven in northern Iraq. Sarkozy commented at the relations and stated that: "France is happy with its friendship with Kurdistan and attaches great importance to this friendship. [40] Evliya Çelebi, who traveled in Kurdistan between 1640 and 1655, mentioned different districts of Kurdistan including Erzurum, Van, Hakkari, Cizre, Imaddiya, Mosul, Shahrizor, Harir, Ardalan, Baghdad, Derne, Derteng, until Basra.[41]. In A Dictionary of Scripture Geography (published 1846), John Miles describes Upper and Lower Kurdistan as following: Modern Curdistan is of much greater extent than the ancient Assyria, and is composed of two parts the Upper and Lower. [76] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Kurdistan covers around 190,000 km² (73,000 sq. However, they were later driven out of Hazza by pagans, and settled in Tamanon, which according to Abdisho was in the land of the Kurds. [55], In 1983, the Kurdish provinces were placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist organization the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Turkish Kurdistan encompasses a large area of Eastern Anatolia Region and southeastern Anatolia of Turkey and it is home to an estimated 6 to 8 million Kurds. France has a consulate general in Erbil and Kurdistan Region has a representation in Paris. Various groups, among them the Guti, Hurrians, Mannai (Mannaeans), and Armenians, lived in this region in antiquity. The region includes Lake Van, the largest body of water in Turkey; the only lake in the Middle East with a larger surface is Lake Urmia – though not nearly as deep as Lake Van, which has a much larger volume. In January 2015, 40 more soldiers were sent to the region. stân) is Persian for land. Due to the extraordinary archaeological richness of the region, almost any dam impacts historic sites. They mention the mountains of Qardu, city of Qardu and country of Qardawaye. The earliest medieval attestation of the toponym Kurdistan is found in a 12th-century Armenian historical text by Matteos Urhayeci. [91], As of July 2007, the Kurdish government solicited foreign companies to invest in 40 new oil sites, with the hope of increasing regional oil production over the following five years by a factor of five, to about 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m3/d). There is a large Kurdish community in France, numbering around 150,000[1] people. Literal translation "Land of Kurds". ERBIL (Kurdistan 24) – The presidents of the Kurdistan Region and France met in the Iraqi capital on Wednesday to discuss multiple issues that included relations between their two governments, Erbil-Baghdad disputes, and the serious threat still posed by the Islamic State. Iraqi Kurdistan is divided into six governorates, three of which (and parts of others) are under the control of the Kurdistan Regional Government. Kurdistan or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural historical region wherein the Kurdish people form a majority of the population and Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. ", A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University, Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, by A.M.T Moore, G.C. The main cities in this area are Kirkuk and Arbil. [20][21], In August 2014, France sent soldiers to Kurdistan Region to train Kurdish soldiers (Peshmerga). Animals found in the region include the Syrian brown bear, wild boar, gray wolf, the golden jackal, Indian crested porcupine, the red fox, goitered gazelle, Eurasian otter, striped hyena, Persian fallow deer, long-eared hedgehog, onager, mangar and the Euphrates softshell turtle. the fourth is Jeezera ul Omar, a city on an island in the Tigris, and corresponding to the ancient Bezabde. Mountain chains harbor pastures and forested valleys, totaling approximately 16 million hectares (160,000 km²), including firs and countryside is mostly oaks, conifers, platanus, willow, poplar and, to the west of Kurdistan, olive trees.[77]. ERBIL (Kurdistan 24) – France will always remain a good and dependable ally for the people of the Kurdistan Region and Kurds elsewhere, French Consul General in Erbil Dominique Mas said on Monday. [55] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. [85][86] Many think that for conserving the water "returning to traditional water-conserving cultivation techniques" will be needed, as well as "communal economy"[87]. This makes the Kurdish community in France the second largest Kurdish community in the Kurdish diaspora, after Kurds in Germany. mi.).[77]. In the former is the province of Ardelan, the ancient Arropachatis, now nominally a part of Irak Ajami, and belonging to the north west division called Al Jobal. The Status of the Iraq Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli Hayman 1956 and Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 in Iraq. [93], Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include coal, copper, gold, iron, limestone (which is used to produce cement), marble, and zinc. Read more: France’s FM reiterates support for Kurdistan Region, invites PM Masrour Barzani to meet Pres. Al-Sheikhly, O.F. [3] The ties between France and Kurdistan Region have been very close since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981–1995), when his wife Danielle Mitterrand played an instrumental role in the campaign for the no fly zone over Kurdistan Region in 1991. in Syria, with a total area of approximately 392,000 km² (151,000 sq. [14] There is a Kurdistan Province in Iran, but it is not self-ruled. Kurds (Kurdish: کورد ,Kurd‎) or Kurdish people are an Iranic ethnic group native to a mountainous region of Western Asia known as Kurdistan, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", 1989, volume 3, page 360. [18][19] French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian met Kurdish officials twice in 2016, once at the Munich Security Conference and once in Erbil. [36][37], A later use of the term Kurdistan is found in Empire of Trebizond documents in 1336[38] and in Nuzhat-al-Qulub, written by Hamdollah Mostowfi in 1340. Kurds fighting in the Syrian Civil War were able to take control of large sections of northern Syria as government forces, loyal to President Bashar al-Assad, withdrew to fight elsewhere. In another passage in the same document, the region of the Khabur River is also identified as land of the Kurds. The northern, northwestern and northeastern parts of Kurdistan are referred to as upper Kurdistan, and includes the areas from west of Amed to Lake Urmia. French journalist Caroline Fourest’s new feature film, about Kurdish female fighters, is set to be released in October. The lowlands of southern Kurdistan are called lower Kurdistan. [4] In 1989, she organized that 1,000 Kurdish refugees would be taken in by France with consent from the President and the government. France has a consulate general in Erbil[2] and Kurdistan Region has a representation in Paris. [61][62] Food embargoes were placed on Kurdish villages and towns. [88], Kurdistan extends to Lake Urmia in Iran on the east. Crude deliveries are expected to occur on a regular basis. [94], In July 2012, Turkey and the Kurdistan Regional Government signed an agreement by which Turkey will supply the KRG with refined petroleum products in exchange for crude oil. Kurdistan in the Middle Ages was a collection of semi-independent and independent states called emirates. Tamanon lies just north of the modern Iraq-Turkey border, while Hazza is 12 km southwest of modern Erbil. [7] She also visited Kurdistan Region in 1991, visiting refugees at the Iran-Iraq border,[8] and again in July 1992 to witness the establishment of the Kurdistan Region Parliament. Contemporary use of the term refers to the following four areas: southeast It means that political stability and peace in the region are important to the water supply of the region and preventing wars. "[83] Mountains are regarded as sacred by the Kurds. It was nominally under indirect political or religious influence of Khalifs or Shahs. These rivers, which flow from heights of three to four thousand meters above sea level, are significant both as water sources and for the production of energy. [9] Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first attested in 11th century Seljuk chronicles. [25], Some of the ancient districts of Kurdistan and their corresponding modern names:[26], One of the earliest records of the phrase land of the Kurds is found in an Assyrian Christian document of late antiquity, describing the stories of Assyrian saints of the Middle East, such as Abdisho. [16][17] One of the ancient names of Kurdistan is Corduene.[18][19]. 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, "Thousands march in France, Germany, Austria to support Kobane Kurds", "Offensive turque en Syrie : de violents combats sur le terrain, des milliers de manifestants en France", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurds_in_France&oldid=978431051, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 September 2020, at 21:37. [78] There are another 9 to 12 million Turkish citizens of Kurdish descent in predominantly Turkish regions of Turkey as the majority of Turkish Kurds no longer live in Southeastern Anatolia. [32][33] The emirates included Baban, Soran, Badinan and Garmiyan in the south; Bakran, Bohtan (or Botan) and Badlis in the north, and Mukriyan and Ardalan in the east. Much of the region is typified by a continental climate – hot in the summer, cold in the winter. [27] According to Al-Muqaddasi and Yaqut al-Hamawi, Tamanon was located on the south-western or southern slopes of Mount Judi and south of Cizre. "Iraq's Marshes Show Progress toward Recovery", "Iraqi Kurds: "No Friend but the Mountains, "A Watershed Moment for Iraqi Kurdistan: Subnational Hydropolitics and Regional Stability", "Despite Abundant Water, Kurdistan Prone to Future Shortages", "Agriculture and Autonomy in the Middle East", "Iraq says expects Exxon to finish West Qurna Sale by December", "Iraqi Kurds open 40 new oil sites to foreign investors", Official statements on the oil and gas sector in the Kurdistan region, "First Shipment of Kurdistan Crude Arrives in Turkey", Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle, Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan, Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&oldid=976964961, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy), Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles containing Kurdish-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 September 2020, at 03:53. Iranian Kurdistan encompasses Kurdistan Province and the greater parts of West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah, and Īlām provinces. Kurds in France refers to people born in or residing in France of full or partial Kurdish origin. The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rain and snow fall, act as a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East, forming the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, as well as other numerous smaller rivers, such as the Little Khabur, Khabur, Tharthar, Ceyhan, Araxes, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, and Hezil. [57] Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, political parties that represented Kurdish interests were banned. Urmia, Van, as well as Zarivar Lake west of Marivan, and Lake Dukan near the city of Sulaymaniyah, are frequented by tourists.[88]. Most inhabitants are Muslim, but adherents to other religions are present as well – including Yarsanism, Yazidis, Alevis, Christians,[74] and in the past, Jews, most of whom emigrated to Israel. Hillman and A.J Legge, Published 2000, Oxford University Press. [13], Iraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government within the federal Iraqi republic in 2005. All were forcefully put down by the authorities. Kurds in France refers to people born in or residing in France of full or partial Kurdish origin. in Turkey, 125,000 km² (48,000 sq. [26], Diplomatic relations between the French Republic and Kurdistan Region. [90] Exxon responded by announcing its intention to leave the West-Qurna project. Hamit Bozarslan “The Kurdish Question: Can it be solved within Europe?”, The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, conducted by D. Brewster—Page 511, Original from Oxford University—published 1830, An Account of the State of Roman-Catholick Religion, Sir Richard Steele, Published 1715. Amid the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from three northern provinces, Iraqi Kurdistan emerged in 1992 as an autonomous entity inside Iraq with its own local government and parliament. France–Kurdistan Region relations are bilateral relations between France and Kurdistan Region[1]. Iraq and Syria dammed many of these rivers and their tributaries, and Turkey has an extensive dam system under construction as part of the GAP (Southeast Anatolia Project); though incomplete, the GAP already supplies a significant proportion of Turkey's electrical energy needs. [22] In August 2014, France also supplied Kurdish soldiers with an undisclosed amount of weapons and 20 tons of humanitarian aid. KRG-controlled parts of Iraqi Kurdistan are estimated to contain around 45 billion barrels (7.2×10^9 m3) of oil, making it the sixth largest reserve in the world. [92] Gas and associated gas reserves are in excess of 2,800 km3 (100×10^12 cu ft). [84] Included in the region are Mount Judi and Ararat (both prominent in Kurdish folklore), Zagros, Qandil, Shingal, Mount Abdulaziz, Kurd Mountains, Jabal al-Akrad, Shaho, Gabar, Hamrin, and Nisir. mi.) T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", Vol. Revue des études arméniennes, vol. [24] French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian made an unannounced visit to Erbil in April 2016, where he stated that: "I also came here to meet with the Kurdistan Region President Masoud Barzani and Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani to reiterate the support of France to Peshmerga forces in the fight against Da’esh,” and furthermore that: “The Peshmerga plays an important role in this fight. [47] The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, who took more than 80 Turkish persons captive in Mosul during their offensive, is an enemy of Turkey, making Kurdistan useful for Turkey as a buffer state. She told Kurdistan 24 in an exclusive interview that, as the writer and director of Soeurs d’Armes (Sisters in Arms), she wants to highlight what has united Kurdish fighters under one flag: their resistance against the Islamic State. At the San Francisco Peace Conference of 1945, the Kurdish delegation proposed consideration of territory claimed by the Kurds, which encompassed an area extending from the Mediterranean shores near Adana to the shores of the Persian Gulf near Bushehr, and included the Lur inhabited areas of southern Zagros. Notable companies active in Kurdistan include ExxonMobil, Total, Chevron, Talisman Energy, Genel Energy, Hunt Oil, Gulf Keystone Petroleum, and Marathon Oil. [60] Many villages were set on fire. The Kingdom of Corduene, which emerged from the declining Seleucid Empire, was located to the south and south-east of Lake Van between Persia and Mesopotamia and ruled northern Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia from 189 BC to AD 384 as vassals of the vying Parthian and Roman empires. [4] In 2011, Jonathan Randal wrote that: "In France, Danielle Mitterrand, the former President’s wife and vociferous defender of the Kurds and other downtrodden minorities, needed no encouragement to bring their plight to her husband’s attention. The region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965. Having established self-governing regions in an Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, they call for autonomy in a federal Syria after the war. Le bureau de la Représentation du Gouvernement Régional du Kurdistan-Irak a été inauguré pour la première fois à Paris en mars 2001. Emmanuel Macron in Paris. "[14], Kurdish President Massoud Barzani has met with French President François Hollande in Paris on three occasions; in 2014, 2015 and in 2016,[15][16][17] while Hollande visited Erbil in 2014 and 2017. Large part of water to the neighbor countries come from it. In France, Kurdish immigrant workers from Turkey first arrived in the second half of the 1960s. (2013). "[9], In an interview with L'essentiel in 2012, Kurdish President Massoud Barzani stated that Kurdistan Region had no direct relations with President Chirac, but had contacts to several ministers including Minister of the Interior Nicolas Sarkozy. [48], The incorporation into Turkey of the Kurdish-inhabited regions of eastern Anatolia was opposed by many Kurds, and has resulted in a long-running separatist conflict in which thousands of lives have been lost. [15], The exact origins of the name Kurd are unclear. 3, Pindar Press, Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. ; "Trabzon Imparatorlugu" 2016 (. [2] Thousands of Kurdish refugees and political refugees fled from Turkey during the 1970s and onward, from Iraq and Iran during the 1980s and 1990s, and from Syria especially during the Syrian Civil War. [23] In early February 2015, a Kurdish military delegation led by Minister of Peshmerga Sayid Qadir met with Hollande to discuss military cooperation. On 28 June 2014 Hüseyin Çelik, a spokesman for the ruling AK party, made comments to the Financial Times indicating Turkey's readiness to accept an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions, including the Koçgiri rebellion of 1920 under the Ottomans, then successive insurrections under the Turkish state, including the 1924 Sheikh Said rebellion, the Republic of Ararat in 1927, and the 1937 Dersim rebellion. Extraction of these reserves began in 2007. [10], Contemporary use of the term refers to the following four areas: southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Syria (Western Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan). the fifth and largest is Kara Djiolan, with a capital of the same name. C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan", Sardar Aziz (2013). When the Sasanian Marzban asked Mar Abdisho about his place of origin, he replied that according to his parents, they were originally from Hazza, a village in Assyria. They speak an Iranian language known as Kurdish, and comprise the majority of the population of the region – however, included therein are Arab, Armenian, Assyrian,[73] Azerbaijani, Jewish, Ossetian, Persian, and Turkish communities. [42] After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies contrived to split Kurdistan (as detailed in the ultimately unratified Treaty of Sèvres) among several countries, including Kurdistan, Armenia and others. The major cities in this region are Qamishli (Kurdish: Qamişlo) and Al Hasakah (Kurdish: Hasakah). The desert in the south is mostly steppe and would feature xeric plants such as palm trees, tamarix, date palm, fraxinus, poa, white wormwood and chenopodiaceae. Some historians have correlated a connection between Corduene with the modern names of Kurds and Kurdistan;[19][22][23] T. A. Sinclair dismissed this identification as false,[24] while a common association is asserted in the Columbia Encyclopedia. The region north of the mountainous region on the border with Iran and Turkey features meadow grasses and such wild trees as, Abies cilicica, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus calliprinos, Quercus brantii, Quercus infectoria, Quercus ithaburensis, Quercus macranthera, Cupressus sempervirens, Platanus orientalis, Pinus brutia, Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus oxycedrus, Prunus cerasus, Salix alba, Fraxinus excelsior, Paliurus spina-christi, Olea europaea, Ficus carica, Populus euphratica, Populus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus azarolus, cherry plum, rose hips, Cercis siliquastrum, pistachio trees, pear and Sorbus graeca. France has long been a friend to the Kurds, going back to the 1980s, when Danielle Mitterrand, wife of the French president, Francois Mitterrand, took a … Among rivers of historical importance to Kurds are the Murat (Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in Turkey; the Peshkhābur, the Little Zab, the Great Zab, and the Diyala in Iraq; and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātā'u (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in Iran. Mountains are important geographical and symbolic features of Kurdish life, as evidenced by the saying "Kurds have no friends but the mountains. He described a battle near Amid and Siverek in 1062 as to have taken place in Kurdistan. [10], Under the presidency of Sarkozy, a French embassy office was opened in Erbil with the presence of French Foreign Minister Kouschner. Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first attested in 11th century Seljuk chronicles. [65], Turkey has historically feared that a Kurdish state in Northern Iraq would encourage and support Kurdish separatists in the adjacent Turkish provinces, and have therefore historically strongly opposed Kurdish independence in Iraq. [63][64] More than 20,000 Kurds were killed in the violence and hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homes. [95], A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan, Canyon in Rawanduz in northern Iraqi Kurdistan, 19th-century map showing the location of the Kingdom of Corduene in 60 BCE, Kurdish independent kingdoms and autonomous principalities circa 1835. Precipitation varies between 200 and 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 and 3,000 mm a year on the high plateau between mountain chains. Kurdistan is one of the most mountainous regions in the world with a cold climate receiving annual precipitation adequate to sustain temperate forests and shrubs. The suffix -stan (Persian: ـستان‎, translit. When in late March 1991 the Iraqi counteroffensive gathered steam, she alerted specialists inside and outside the government to prepare contingency plans.

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