[124], The 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa and its subsequent return was reported worldwide, leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting. [41][42], Of Leonardo da Vinci's works, the Mona Lisa is the only portrait whose authenticity has never been seriously questioned,[43] and one of four works – the others being Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, Adoration of the Magi and The Last Supper – whose attribution has avoided controversy. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs, as they were considered unsightly. He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted. [36] Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times, with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa's face and the direction of her gaze. [25][26][27] The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long-held traditional opinion that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo. La Joconde, de Léonard de Vinci est un tableau conservé au Louvre, peint sur panneau de bois de 77 centimètres de hauteur sur 53 centimètres de largeur, est le portrait de Mona ( = Madonna) Lisa, probablement femme de Francesco del Giocondo (1465-1528) citoyen de Florence.Léonard de Vinci y travailla quatre années de suite, vers l'an 1500. [34][35] In 2007, French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows, but that these had gradually disappeared over time, perhaps as a result of overcleaning. [82] Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects. [54] Later paintings by Raphael, such as La velata (1515–16) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (c. 1514–15), continued to borrow from Leonardo's painting. Après un siècle de relative tranquillité, la Joconde est volée le 21 août 1911. C’est à cet emplacement (au milieu sous le Véronèse) que le tableau fut volé. [67][c] According to Vasari, the painting was created for the model's husband, Francesco del Giocondo. ", "Hidden portrait 'found under Mona Lisa', says French scientist", "Secret Portrait Hidden Under Mona Lisa, Claims French Scientist", "New Study Reveals Potentially Groundbreaking Drawing Hidden Beneath 'Mona Lisa, "Why Leonardo da Vinci's brilliance endures, 500 years after his death", "Biographical index of collectors of pastels", "Mona Lisa fans decry brief encounter with their idol in Paris", "Leonardo da Vinci's Unexamined Life as a Painter", "Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled", "Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Tea Time (Woman with a Teaspoon)", "Mona Lisa: Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache? Il connaît les lieux par coeur. 00000075866. In 1919, Marcel Duchamp, one of the most influential modern artists, created L.H.O.O.Q., a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee. French poet Guillaume Apollinaire came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1906, Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Salvador Dalí, famous for his surrealist work, painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954. Rennes ; musée des beaux-arts. He analyzed the painting in the Louvre with reflective light technology beginning in 2004, and produced circumstantial evidence for his theory. [25] Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517. [141] It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. This became madonna, and its contraction mona. [77] The painting was first missed the next day by painter Louis Béroud. Référence. [62], The record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon states that the Mona Lisa was executed for the deceased Giuliano de' Medici, Leonardo's steward at the Belvedere Palace between 1513 and 1516[65][66][b]—but this was likely an error. [3] It was kept at the Palace of Fontainebleau until Louis XIV moved it to the Palace of Versailles, where it remained until the French Revolution. Né en 1452 en Italie, Léonard De Vinci était un peintre, sculpteur, inventeur ou encore écrivain, mort en 1519. Raphael's Young Woman with Unicorn, c. 1506, Raphael's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (c. 1514–15), Le rire (The Laugh) by Eugène Bataille, or Sapeck (1883), Jean Metzinger, 1911, Le goûter (Tea Time), oil on canvas, 75.9 x 70.2 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Marguerite Agniel "As Mona Lisa" by Robert Henri, c. 1929, Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world, but until the 20th century it was simply one among many highly regarded artworks. [citation needed], The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. Ce tableau, réalisé au début du XVIe siècle, est le portrait d'une jeune Florentine. Zollner states that "None of Leonardo's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa. [120] A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an animation showing progressively more maniacal smiles. This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride, and later with an ethylene oxide treatment. Toutes les oeuvresTout voir; Par musée (204 696) Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris (42 888) Palais Galliera, musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris (42 561) Petit Palais, musée des Beaux-arts de la Ville de Paris (18 155) Maison de Victor Hugo - Hauteville House (9 938) Musée d’Art moderne de Paris (4 641) Musée de la Libération de Paris - musée du Général Leclerc - musée Jean Moulin La Joconde Nue, un dessin conservé au musée Condé de Chantilly, a été présenté par certains comme un double de La Joconde, de Leonard de Vinci, mais rien ne le confirme. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. "[109], Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism, but by the Victorian era, writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance. [13] In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King Francis I to work at the Clos Lucé near the Château d'Amboise; it is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work on it after he moved to France. The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. La Joconde (1503-1506). [140], A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker, an art connoisseur. The listing details are highly structured, using a special vocabulary, which allows for very specific and accurate searches, helped as well by the index. Leonardo, Carmen Bambach, Rachel Stern, and Alison Manges (2003). And she's almost drowned in a sprinkler malfunction", "The Louvre, the most visited museum in the world (01.15)", "Culture – Could France sell the Mona Lisa to pay off its debts? It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures. Once part of King Francis I of France's collection, the Mona Lisa was among the first artworks to be exhibited in the Louvre, which became a national museum after the French Revolution. [45] Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506",[8] art historian Martin Kemp says that there are some difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty. Léonard de Vinci peint le portrait de Mona Lisa ou La Joconde au début du XVIe siècle (entre 1503 et 1506 ou une dizaine d'année plus tard selon les historiens). Il vit de contrats que les plus grands lui passent. [89] A new queuing system introduced in 2019 reduces the amount of time museum visitors have to wait in line to see the painting. [78][79] The real culprit was Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia, who had helped construct the painting's glass case. [47] According to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished". Son plus célèbre tableau, le portrait de Mona Lisa, a été réalisé en superposant plusieurs couches de peinture, reproduisant le modelé et le rendu de la peau avec un réalisme incroyable. He did so with such force that it shattered the glass case and dislodged a speck of pigment near the left elbow. [142] Some experts, including Frank Zöllner, Martin Kemp and Luke Syson denied the attribution;[143][144] professors such as Salvatore Lorusso, Andrea Natali,[145] and John F Asmus supported it;[146] others like Alessandro Vezzosi and Carlo Pedretti were uncertain. 1506). [50][51][52][a], Circa 1505,[54] Raphael executed a pen-and-ink sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent. Le groupe Joconde a été fondé en 1980 par Madame Boukhris Zeineb la doyenne de l’enseignement privé en Tunisie avec une longue expérience éducative de plus que 35 ans. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth. Joconde is the central database created in 1975 and now available online, maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, for objects in the collections of the main French public and private museums listed as Musées de France, according to article L. 441-1 of the Code du patrimoine amouting to more than 1,200 institutions. Il est connu en partie pour son sourire énigmatique. [105], On the 500th anniversary of the master's death, the Louvre held the largest ever single exhibit of Da Vinci works, from 24 October 2019 to 24 February 2020. By November 2012, Joconde contained over 475,000 object listings online and over 290,000 with images,[5] from 366 collections in France,[6] including 209,350 drawings, 63,547 paintings, 34,561 prints, 34,102 sculptures or 16,631 costumes and their accessories and is still expanding. Forger Yves Chaudron was to have created six copies of the painting to sell in the US while concealing the location of the original. [84] The painting was protected by glass because a few years earlier a man who claimed to be in love with the painting had cut it with a razor blade and tried to steal it. For other uses, see, Vacant wall in the Louvre's Salon Carré after the painting was stolen in 1911. Dated October 1503, the note was written by Leonardo's contemporary Agostino Vespucci. La Joconde fit dès lors partie des collections royales pour être exposée au château de Versailles pendant le règne de Louis XIV. The model, Lisa del Giocondo,[16][17] was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany, and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. [39], Research in 2003 by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University said that Mona Lisa's smile disappears when observed with direct vision, known as foveal. Léonard de Vinci… The insurance was not purchased; instead, more was spent on security. [22] Isabella of Aragon,[23] Cecilia Gallerani,[24] Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla,[22] Isabella d'Este, Pacifica Brandano or Brandino, Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza, Bianca Giovanna Sforza—even Salaì and Leonardo himself—are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting. Image réduite : [18][20] In French, the title La Joconde has the same meaning. [90], In the early 21st century, French scientist Pascal Cotte hypothesized a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting. In 1859, Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a "sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously" and that "Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague, infinite, inexpressible. [73] In 1797, it went on permanent display at the Louvre. Localisation. L’œuvre est une peinture à l'huile sur un panneau de bois de peuplier, mesurant 77 × 53 cm. Le modèle qui a servi est inconnu, peut-être une Florentine, une femme de marchand, Lisa del Giocondo, née Lisa Gherardini, surnommée Mona Lisa. Behind her, a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains. After some confusion as to whether the painting was being photographed somewhere, the Louvre was closed for a week for investigation. The lamp has a Colour Rendering Index up to 98, and minimizes infrared and ultraviolet radiation which could otherwise degrade the painting. [18] The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea. [28] Zöllner notes that the sitter's general position can be traced back to Flemish models and that "in particular the vertical slices of columns at both sides of the panel had precedents in Flemish portraiture. [73] The Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world, but in the 1860s, a portion of the French intelligentsia began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. [31], The painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter in front of an imaginary landscape, and Leonardo was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective. Unfortunately, we cannot be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre."[15]. The humidity is maintained at 50% ±10%, and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 °C. [63], In 1977, a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping. La Joconde 1 La Joconde La Joconde La Joconde, musée du Louvre. [63], Because the Mona Lisa's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. Nom de la base. Live on the French Minitel system from 1992, the database went online to the World Wide Web in 1995. [63] In view of this, Vincent Delieuvin, curator of 16th-century Italian painting at the Louvre, states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version,[64] while Zöllner states that the sketch may be after another Leonardo portrait of the same subject. Certains spécialistes annoncent une date comprise entre 1503 et 1506, d’autres l’attribuent à une période plus tardive, allant de 1513 à 1519. "[63] Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. [116] According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.[117]. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. Vasari's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honour the anniversary of Leonardo's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. "[38] Some art historians in Eastern art, such as Yukio Yashiro, argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by Chinese paintings,[39] but this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence. 1981, p 192 [14][15] It is believed by some that the Mona Lisa was begun in 1503 or 1504 in Florence. [28] The woman sits markedly upright in a "pozzetto" armchair with her arms folded, a sign of her reserved posture. [91][92][93] Cotte admits that his investigation was only carried out only in support of his hypotheses and should not be considered as definitive proof. [119] The French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions of the Mona Lisa on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using a mosaic style. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance,[4][5] it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world". ", "The 'Prado Mona Lisa' – The Mona Lisa Foundation", "Da Vinci's Mona Lisa Entering the Next Dimension", Tweened animated gif of Mona Lisa and Prado version, "Depth Perception and the History of Three-Dimensional Art: Who Produced the First Stereoscopic Images? About this we are now certain. "[132], Before the 1962–1963 tour, the painting was assessed for insurance at $100 million (equivalent to $660 million in 2019), making it, in practice, the most highly-valued painting in the world. [48] Leonardo's right hand was paralytic circa 1517,[49] which may indicate why he left the Mona Lisa unfinished. La Joconde. Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso, who was brought in for questioning. heydenrich 6 ; ottino della chiesa 31 ; villot i 484 ; hautecoeur 1601 ; c.s.i. Duchamp added an inscription, which when read out loud in French sounds like "Elle a chaud au cul" meaning: "she has a hot ass", implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke. Avec "La Joconde", j’étais persuadé que ce n’était pas possible car elle a les bras pliés contrairement aux Playmobil. Si la Joconde a été peinte en Italie entre 1503 et 1506, elle quittera son pays d'origine avec son créateur pour suivre François Ier, de passage dans le pays en raison des guerres d'Italie. For example, Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty is not seen as being among the best, "even when measured by late quattrocento (15th century) or even twenty-first century standards. Despite the treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators "some worry",[98] the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962[11] (equivalent to $660 million in 2019). The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled Mona (as used by Vasari),[12] is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa (mona being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects), but this is rare in English. [19] The Italian name for the painting, La Gioconda, means 'jocund' ('happy' or 'jovial') or, literally, 'the jocund one', a pun on the feminine form of Lisa's married name, Giocondo. [21] Several other women have been proposed as the subject of the painting. [118] Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas, called Thirty Are Better than One, following the painting's visit to the United States in 1963. C’est probablement entre 1503 et 1506 que Francesco del Giocondo commande le portrait de sa jeune épouse à Léonard qui réside alors à Florence. Une chose est sûre, le peintre la conservera auprès de lui de son vivant, ne s’en séparant jamais, avant que François 1er ne l’acquière. Léonard de Vinci, Entre 1503 et 1506 Huile sur panneau de bois de peuplier 77 × 53 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris La Joconde (ou Portrait de Mona Lisa) est un tableau de Léonard de Vinci, réalisé entre 1503 et 1506 d'une femme qui s'appelait à l'époque Mona Lisa del Giocondo.Huile sur It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not just as the likeness of a real person, but also as the embodiment of an ideal. [75], In 1911, the painting was still not popular among the lay-public. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed. "[12][13] Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as ma donna – similar to Ma'am, Madam, or my lady in English. Qui est donc Mona Lisa ? [63], The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch-up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon. Deux événements de la vie conjugale de Francesco del Giocondo et de Lisa Gherardini pourraient avoir suscité la réalisation de ce portrait : l'acquisition d'une … This became madonna, and its contraction mona. Il est 7 heure du matin, nous sommes le lundi 21 août 1911. [63], On 6 April 2005—following a period of curatorial maintenance, recording, and analysis—the painting was moved to a new location within the museum's Salle des États. Cette représentation remonterait alors aux années 1513-1516, alors que Léonard travaillait au service de Julie… SENS DE L’ŒUVRE : « Giocondo » signifie en italien : heureux et serein … La Joconde pourrait incarner l’idée de bonheur. [20], Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed that Leonardo's painting should have been returned to an Italian museum. [131] Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that "80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa. In 1909, the art collector Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame,[101] a Renaissance-era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation. Le 12 décembre 1913 le tableau La Joconde de Léonard de Vinci, subtilisé au musée du Louvre deux ans auparavant, refait surface à Florence en … [92][71] In 2020, Cotte published a study alleging that the canvas has a underdrawing, which seems to have been transferred from a preparatory drawing by depositing charcoal in tiny holes. Leonardo began to be revered as a genius, and the painting's popularity grew in the mid-19th century when French intelligentsia praised it as mysterious and a representation of the femme fatale. Pourquoi La Joconde a-t-elle une renommée mondiale aussi exceptionnelle, exprimant la peinture en général et l'idéal féminin en particulier ? The database is not only dedicated to the information of the public but as well to the needs of the administrators and curators of the museums, thanks to the online presentation of professional tools to facilitate notably the museums collections cataloguing and state inventory (récolement). Subsequently, on 21 April 1974, while the painting was on display at the Tokyo National Museum, a woman sprayed it with red paint as a protest against that museum's failure to provide access for disabled people. [40], Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist-photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisa's landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro and Urbino, and Rimini. [63], At some point, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch-up of colour, and revarnishing the painting. En effet, Léonard, invité à la cour de François Ier en 1517, l’emporte sans doute avec lui en France où il meurt deux ans plus tard au Clos Lucé, à Amboise. [86] On 2 August 2009, a Russian woman, distraught over being denied French citizenship, threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure. Technique Mine graphite sur héliogravure. [58][59][60][61] However, by 1993, Frank Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed;[62] this was confirmed through a series of tests in 2004. [18][71][72] At some point in the 16th century, a varnish was applied to the painting. À propos de la notice. "[63] It has never been fully restored,[97] so the current condition is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone. S'il y a bien une toile de maître incontournable au Louvre, c'est la Joconde, l'œuvre la plus célèbre en peinture de même que Les Esclaves de Michel-Ange peuvent l'être en sculpture. Joconde is the central database created in 1975 and now available online, maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, for objects in the collections of the main French public and private museums listed as Musées de France, according to article L. 441-1 of the Code du patrimoine [3] amouting to more than 1,200 institutions.[4]. [8], The painting is probably of the Italian noblewoman Lisa Gherardini,[9] the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, and is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. "[110], By the early 20th century, some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories. [81] Decker published this account of the theft in 1932.[83]. [85] [135] The Prado's conclusion that the painting is probably by Salaì (1480–1524) or by Melzi (1493–1572) has been called into question by others. Both were later exonerated. It comes under the "Direction des Musées de France" (DMF) section of the Ministry. 1906. [37], There has been much speculation regarding the painting's model and landscape. [103] The renovation of the gallery where the painting now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television. ", "Second Mona Lisa Unveiled for First Time in 40 Years", "The Isleworth Mona Lisa: A second Leonardo masterpiece? Statut juridique.

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